Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa: History, Analysis & Interview
14 October 2015By Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi
History and Analysis
Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa (the Raqqa Revolutionaries Brigade) was initially formed
in September 2012 as a merger of several local rebel groups in Raqqa
provincefollowing on from the Assad regime's loss of the northern border town
of Tel Abyad, at a time when the regime was forced to pull back from large
swathes of northern Syrian border areas to focus on defending more vital
areas- in particular the provincial capitals. Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa declared
its loyalty to a "Revolutionary Military Council" in Raqqa province, a loose
umbrella similar to other early nationalist rebel structures like the FSA
Military Council of Col. Oqaidi in Aleppo province. Some declared components
of Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa at the time included [Kata'ib] al-Jihad fi Sabil
Allah, al-Nasir Salah al-Din, al-Haq, Shuhada' al-Raqqa, Saraya al-Furat and
Ahrar al-Furat.
Over the subsequent months, some new local formations were announced and
added to Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa's ranks. Thus, in December 2012, the Katiba al-Risala
of the village of al-Sheikh Hassan in the north Raqqa countryside, the Katiba
Suqur al-Jaziraoperating in the western Raqqa countryside, and the Katiba
Usud al-Tawheedoperating in Raqqa city area were announced as affiliates of
Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa. The rhetorical focus in these videos is on driving the
Assad regime presence out of Raqqa province, rather than laying out an
ideological vision for a post-Assad Syria. This is so despite its original
emblem that ostensibly conveyed a distinctly Islamist orientation.
Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa's first emblem. On top: "Allahu Akbar." Beneath that:
"There is no deity but God, and Muhammad is the Messenger of God."
Also in December 2012, Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa joined the Raqqa Liberation Front
coalition, alongside similarly aligned groups including the familiar Ahfad
al-Rasul (a brand of Western-backed brigades that went into sharp decline in
2013, including expulsion from Raqqa city by ISIS in August of that year),
Liwa al-Muntasir bi-Allahand Liwa Isar al-Shamal (both of which, like Liwa
Thuwar al-Raqqa, identified as part of the same Revolutionary Military
Council) and Liwa Rayat al-Nasr (which eventually joined the Salafi grouping
Ahrar al-Sham). As has often been the case in the Syrian civil war with the
various coalitions announced and dissolved, the Raqqa Liberation Front
coalition never led to a real merger of these groups.
Raqqa city fell in March 2013 to a combination of these brigades, Ahrar
al-Sham and Jabhat al-Nusra. The following month, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
announced the creation of ISIS, demanding the subsuming of Jabhat al-Nusra
under this structure. Most of the Jabhat al-Nusra contingents in Raqqa
province accepted Baghdadi's argument and defected, though a group under Abu
Sa'ad al-Hadhrami broke away from ISIS in Raqqa city and temporarily took
refuge in the city of Tabqa to the west of Raqqa city in mid-summer of 2013.
Meanwhile, Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa continued to operate as part of the rebels'
wider bid to take the remaining regime bases in Raqqa province- Division 17,
Brigade 93 and Tabqa military airport.
Thus on 20 June, Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa's leader Abu Eisa denied claims he had
been killed by regime forces. It is also notable that Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa
appeared to adapt somewhat to the ISIS presence in Raqqa, not only by adding
the definite adjective 'al-Islami' (Islamic) to its name but also by using
the same flag as ISIS in at least one video, as per below from July 2013, in
which the group claims coordination with a number of formations, including
ISIS, Jabhat al-Nusra and Ahrar al-Sham, Liwa Ahfad al-Rasul and Liwa al-Muntasir
bi-Allah, in attacking a convoy that came from Brigade 93.
Despite the apparent military cooperation, tensions became increasingly
apparent in a number of ways. As ISIS' presence in Raqqa city grew with its
da'wa office that set up numerous billboards throughout the city, it began
detaining members of other groups, such as the leader of Liwa Amana' al-Raqqa
(another of the independent, nationalist brigades), and moved decisively to
expel Ahfad al-Rasul in August, despite cooperating with the same group on
the Latakia front where an offensive had been launched to push towards
Assad's ancestral village of al-Qardaha. This does not mean tensions solely
revolved around disputes between ISIS on one side versus the rest of the
factions on the other. There were also tensions between Liwa al-Nasir Salah
al-Din (another independent group at this point) and Ahrar al-Sham as they
arrested each other's members, and Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa reportedly had its
own disputes with Ahrar al-Sham as well. Even so, all-out warfare between the
various factions had not yet broken out, and the civilian local council
continued to operate.
In September 2013, Jabhat al-Nusra announced its 'return' to Raqqa city. Some
of the smaller brigades saw in Jabhat al-Nusra the chance to protect
themselves from the growth of ISIS, and accordingly pledged allegiance in
some form. This included Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa, though the exact terms of the
allegiance are disputed. It appears Jabhat al-Nusra had hoped to integrate
Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa through Shari'a sessions, but regardless of whether or
not this was actually agreed upon, it is therefore clear that Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa
was not properly integrated into Jabhat al-Nusra's ranks. This may have
hindered the fight against ISIS when wider infighting broke out in January
2014. Components of other actors saw a stronger horse in ISIS (which detained
and eventually killed Abu Sa'ad al-Hadhrami) and thus joined its ranks, a
case-in-point being part of the Liwa al-Nasir Salah al-Din.
As infighting spread between rebel forces and ISIS, Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa
appears to have taken the lead in fighting ISIS inside Raqqa city in January
2014, at which point it had broken off from Jabhat al-Nusra. However, ISIS
did not suffer the same problem as elsewhere (e.g. in Idlib province) of
being thinly spread out and was able to consolidate control of Raqqa city,
expelling Jabhat al-Nusra, Ahrar al-Sham, Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa etc. It would
appear that the rebel side conversely suffered from problems of poor
coordination in their efforts. Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa then withdrew into the
Raqqa countryside up to the Kobani enclave, seeking refuge with the Kurdish
YPG. As the Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa break-off from Jabhat al-Nusra had not been
officially announced at the time, this was the origin of the ISIS narrative
that Jabhat al-Nusra had entered into an alliance with the YPG. In April 2014
came Jabhat al-Nusra's announcement of the break between itself and Liwa
Thuwar al-Raqqa.
As the months continued, Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa claimed occasional low-scale
sabotage attacks and clashes with ISIS in Raqqa province, usually in
coordination with another brigade that also took refuge in the Kobani canton:
Liwa al-Jihad fi Sabil Allah, aligned with the opposition-in-exile. Thus on 9
June 2014, the two groups claimed to have attacked an ISIS bridge and
checkpoint installation near Raqqa city. They also sent a message of
solidarity to the rebels in Deir az-Zor province as ISIS continued its
advance and threatened to overrun the entire province. Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa
also claimed a prisoner exchange with ISIS, in which the former released 3
ISIS operatives in exchange for 13 prisoners held by ISIS.
In September 2014, Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa along with a number of rebel groups
in the Kobani area joined the Burkan al-Furat ('Euphrates Volcano') coalition
led by the YPG, and participated in the battle of Kobani as well as the
subsequent push eastwards following the failure of the Islamic State to take
the city. Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa appears to have been the main rebel auxiliary
force alongside the Kata'ib Shams al-Shamal formation of the Dawn of Freedom
Brigades, which unlike Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa draws its membership mainly from
rebel groups (e.g. Liwa al-Tawheed) that existed in north-eastern Aleppo
province localities such as Manbij.
As the Islamic State was driven back towards Tel Abyad, a clarification was
broadcast that only Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa would be allowed to enter Arab
localities. In an interview with Orient News, it was affirmed that "the door
of repentance is open. God is forgiving, merciful." This ostensibly parallels
one of the Islamic State's own methods of securing control over a new area it
takes: offering the chance for repentance. However, it was also made clear
that the hand of mercy would only be extended to those whose hands were not
stained "with the blood of Syrians. As for those whose hands are stained with
the blood of Syrians, there is no mercy for them except killing, by God's
permission." Abu Eisa also denied allegations that Burkan al-Furat had
engaged in ethnic cleansing of Arabs in areas retaken from the Islamic State.
Reflecting its political agenda more clearly, Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa uses this
logo now:
"Free Syrian Army: Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa", with the familiar FSA emblem.
At the present time, Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa appears to be the primary rebel
actor responsible for outreach to the Arab tribes in northern Raqqa province
(e.g. photo below), also claiming administration over the Ain Issa area to
the south of Tel Abyad.
The group is hoping to push further south to Raqqa city, though the prospects
of such an assault being successful are slim now and for the near future at
least, as the Islamic State has deployed its special Jaysh al-Khilafa
division to solidify the defence of Raqqa city. In the long-run, the alliance
with the YPG in the Burkan al-Furat coalition seems problematic, as Liwa
Thuwar al-Raqqa and the YPG/PYD have different political visions. Liwa Thuwar
al-Raqqa is committed, like most rebel forces, to the concept of a unified
Syria that suspects any Kurdish autonomous administration projects as working
towards taqsim Souriya ('division of Syria'). Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa has
already alluded to these issues somewhat obliquely in a recent statement
denying rumours that Tel Abyad would be subsumed administratively to the
PYD's Kobani canton:
"The Tel Abyad area will wholly remain administratively with Raqqa
governorate and we do not accept modification of the administrative borders
for Raqqa governorate and changing the affiliation of any area under the name
of any entity. What is being circulated in suggestion about the affiliation
of the Tel Abyad area in administration is not within the special powers of
the local council or any other council or committee. This matter requires a
law and legislative committee to decide on that. And we are in an exceptional
state of affairs. It is not possible to adopt any decision to change the
administrative borders or affiliation of any area."
One should also note the reference to a 'local council' here: on 26 August,
Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa issued an invitation for participation in a conference
for the election of the local council for Raqqa province, particularly
calling on members of the nominal electoral committee to participate. This
conference was supposed to take place on 28 August in the Turkish city of
Urfa, but as the Arabic outlet al-Aan notes, it failed to lead to the
election of a local council. Out of 107 members of the electoral committee,
only 4 showed up alongside representatives of the opposition-in-exile
government. It would appear that the majority of those from Raqqa province in
exile do not see it as worthwhile to elect a local council to provide
civilian support to Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa, recognizing that the Islamic State
still controls most of the province and the PYD is the true administrator of
the important town of Tel Abyad, for which the PYD has already formed its own
local and seniors councils.
This is why, as I have emphasized before, it is highly misleading to go by
Thomas van Linge's maps that portray Tel Abyad and similar areas as somehow
jointly controlled by the YPG and the 'FSA', driven as Thomas van Linge is by
an ideological agenda to hype supposed Kurdish-rebel unity. Yes, it may be
that the PYD takes into accountfor the time being local Arab and Turkmen
objections to incorporating Tel Abyad into Kobani, and certainly it has
little interest in pushing further south to Raqqa city and thus delegates an
area like Ain Issa to Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa. Yet the playing up of 'YPG-FSA'
cooperation tends to ignore the fact that the YPG has done the bulk of the
fighting, sustained the bulk of the casualties, and as a result its political
wing the PYD has come to be the administrator of the vast majority of
localities retaken from the Islamic State.
Corroborating this point for the Tel Abyad area in particular is an order
from the PYD's Asayish police division forbidding travel between Tel Abyad
and Raqqa, as well as importation of various goods from Raqqa to Tel Abyad,
including building materials, fuels and electrical and manufacturing
apparatuses. While these decisions are understandable in that the PYD worries
that bombs may be smuggled in amid the imported goods and wants to cut off as
many revenue sources as possible for the Islamic State in so far as the
continued cash flow between non-Islamic State and Islamic State-held areas is
key for Islamic State revenue via taxation, it is clear there was no
consultation here with the rebel groups in Burkan al-Furat.
To sum up, we have traced the evolution of the rise, fall and re-emergence of
Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa from 2012 to the present day, first as one of a number
of indigenous, nationalist rebel groups in Raqqa province, to a
non-ideological Jabhat al-Nusra affiliate, and finally to an uneasy, junior
partner of the YPG. To shed further light on these issues, below is an
interview I conducted recently with the director of Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa's
media office.
Interview
Q: Where was Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa established and from where are most of the
members of Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa (i.e. Raqqa, Ayn Issa)?
A: It was in the north Raqqa countryside in the border town of Tel Abyad.
Most members are from Raqqa, some from Raqqa, others from the countryside.
Q: Jabhat al-Nusra says you gave bay'a [allegiance] but you deny you gave
bay'a to them? You mean it was just a military alliance?
A: Yes an alliance to expel the Dawla organization from Raqqa.
Q: And when did the alliance end?
A: It ended because of their lack of support for us during our battle with
Da'esh and they withdrew from Raqqa without informing us of that.
Q: In their statement on the end of the alliance they say that you had agreed
on Shari'a sessions. True or not?
A: No, not true.
Q: After Raqqa fell to Da'esh's hand, did most of their [Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa]
members go to Kobani?
A: Yes.
Q: How many martyrs do you have from the battles in Kobani, Tel Abyad and Ain
Issa?
A: I am not sure but approximately 30.
Q: Many of the factions say the PYD wants taqsim Souria [division of Syria].
Do you agree?
A: Yes. They had a plan of division but amid our opposition to the matter of
joining Tel Abyad to Kobani [canton] our opinion was taken into account.
Q: Is Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa administering any areas?
A: Currently only the locality of Ain Issa.
Q: I heard that you are trying to establish relations with the tribes in the
north Raqqa countryside. What are the names of these tribes?
A: Many names: al-Mashhura, Albu Assaf, Albu Khamees, Jais, Albu Shamis, Albu
Jarad, Albu Issa
Q: Do you want a civil or Islamic state?
A: Civil democratic state.
Q: With regards to the other battalions in Burkan al-Furat are they
administering liberated areas or do they only have a military presence? That
is, if I understand correctly, Kata'ib Shams al-Shamal for example wants to
recover Jarabulus and Manbij?
A: Yes, they want to recover Jarabulus and Manbij and administer them.
Q: When do you expect that you will try to recover Raqqa city?
A: When we are given sufficient support we will recover Raqqa city soon, but
if things remain as they are the time to liberate it will be delayed a lot.
Q: Do you have relations with the Syrian opposition in Turkey or are you
independent?
A: No, we are independent.
©
EsinIslam.Com
Add Comments