Islam calls upon the individual to spend freely in ways that
please the heart of the donor, and evoke generosity, goodness,
reverence, and obedience to Allah:
Allah, the Exalted One, says: "The parable of those
who spend their wealth in the way of Allah is that of a grain
of corn: it grows seven ears, and each ear has a hundred
grains. Allah gives manifold increase to whom He pleases;
Allah cares for all and knows all things" [al-Baqarah
261].
"By no means shall you attain righteousness unless you
give freely of that which you love, and whatever you give,
Allah knows it well" [al'Imran 92].
"And spend from what We have made you heir. For those
of you who believe and spend, for them is a great reward"
[alHadid 7].
The Messenger of Allah, upon whom be peace, said: "Sadaqah
appeases the anger of the Lord and wards off the agony of
death."
It is similarly related that the Messenger of Allah, upon
whom be peace, said: "The sadaqah of the Muslim increases
during his lifetime. It also softens the agony of death, and
through it, Allah takes away arrogance and vanity."
The Messenger of Allah, upon whom be peace, said:
"There is not a day in which the obedient servants rise
in the morning or two angels descend, and one of them says: 'O
Allah! Compensate the one who spends freely.' The other angel
says: 'O Allah! Let an annihilation come upon the one who is
niggardly.' " This is related by Muslim.
The Messenger of Allah, upon whom be peace, said:
"Acts of kindness protect one from ruin wrought by evil.
Sadaqah given secretly appeases the anger of the Lord, and a
gift to strengthen the ties of relationship increases one's
life span. All good deeds are sadaqah, and those who do acts
of kindness in this world are also the same people in the
other world. Those who do misdeeds in this world are the same
people in the other world. The first of those who shall enter
Paradise are the people who do acts of kindness." This is
related by at-Tabarani in al'Awsat. Manzhiri does not mention
it.
Sadaqah is not restricted to any special deed of
righteousness. The general rule is that all good deeds are
sadaqah. Some of them are as follows:
The Messenger of Allah, upon whom be peace, said:
"Every Muslim has to give sadaqah." The people
asked: "O Prophet of Allah, what about the one who has
nothing?" He said: "He should work with his hands to
give sadaqah." They asked: "If he cannot find
[work]?" He replied: "He should help the needy who
asks for help." They asked: "If he cannot do
that?" He replied: "He should then do good deeds and
shun evil, for this will be taken as sadaqah." This is
related by al-Bukhari and others.
The Messenger of Allah, upon whom be peace, said: "Sadaqah
is prescribed for every person every day the sun rises. To
administer justice between two people is sadaqah. To assist a
man upon his mount so that he may ride it is sadaqah. To place
his luggage on the animal is sadaqah. To remove harm from the
road is sadaqah. A good word is sadaqah. Each step taken
toward prayer is sadaqah." This is related by Ahmad and
others.
Abu Zhar al-Ghafari said: "The Messenger of Allah,
upon whom be peace, said: 'Sadaqah is for every person every
day the sun rises.' I said: 'O Messenger of Allah, upon whom
be peace, from what do we give sadaqah if we do not possess
property?' He said: 'The doors of sadaqah are takbir [i.e., to
say: Allahu-akbar, Allah is Great]; Subhan-Allah [Allah is
free from imperfection]; Alhamdulillah [all praise is for
Allah]; La -ilaha-illallah [there is no god other than Allah];
Astaghfirul-lah [I seek forgiveness from Allah]; enjoining
good; forbidding evil; removing thorns, bones, and stones from
the paths of people; guiding the blind; listening to the deaf
and dumb until you understand them; guiding a person to his
object of need if you know where it is; hurrying with the
strength of your legs to one in sorrow who is appealing for
help; and supporting the weak with the strength of your arms.
These are all the doors of sadaqah. [The sadaqah] from you is
prescribed for you, and there is a reward for you [even] in
sex with your wife.' " This is related by Ahmad, and the
wording is his. According to Muslim, they said: "O
Messenger of Allah, upon whom be peace, is there a reward if
one satisfies his passion?" He said: "Do you know
that if he satisfies it unlawfully he has taken a sin upon
himself? Likewise, if he satisfies it lawfully, he is
rewarded."
It is related following Abu Zhar that the Messenger of
Allah, upon whom be peace, said: "Sadaqah is prescribed
for each descendant of Adam every day the sun rises." It
was asked: "O Messenger of Allah, upon whom be peace,
from what do we give sadaqah every day?" He said:
"The doors of goodness are many--the tasbih [to say 'Subhaan-Allah'],
the tamhid [to say 'Alhamdu lillah'], the tahlil [to say 'La-ilaha-illallah],
enjoining good, forbidding evil, removing harm from the road,
listening to the deaf, leading the blind, guiding one to the
object of his need, hurrying with the strength of one's legs
to one in sorrow who is asking for help, and supporting the
feeble with the strength of one's arms--all of these are
sadaqah prescribed for you." This is related by Ibn
Hibban in his Sahih. Al-Bukhari related it in a shortened form
and added in his report: "Your smile for your brother is
sadaqah. Your removal of stones, thorns, or bones from the
paths of people is sadaqah. Your guidance of a person who is
lost is sadaqah."
The Messenger of Allah also said: "He from among you
who is able to protect himself from the Fire should give
sadaqah, even if but with half a date. If he does not find it,
then with a good word."
The Messenger of Allah, upon whom be peace, said:
"Allah, the Majestic and Mighty, shall say on the Day of
Judgment: 'O son of man! I was ill and you did not visit me.'
He will reply: 'O my Lord! How could I visit You and You are
the Lord of the Worlds?' Allah shall say: 'Did you not know
that My slave, so-and-so, was ill and you did not visit him?
If you had visited him, you would have found Me with him. O
son of man! I asked you for food and you did not give it to
me.' He will reply: 'O my Lord! How could I give You food--You
are the Lord of the Worlds?' Allah shall say: 'Did you not
know that My slave, so-and-so, asked you for food and you did
not give it to him? Did you not know that if you had given the
food, you would have found that with Me? O son of man! I asked
you to quench My thirst and you did not.' He will say: 'O my
Lord! How could I quench Your thirst--You are the Lord of the
Worlds?' Allah shall say: 'My slave, so-and-so, asked you to
quench his thirst and you did not. If you had given him to
drink, you would have found that with Me.' " This is
related by Muslim.
The Messenger of Allah, upon whom be peace, said: "A
Muslim does not plant or sow anything from which a person, an
animal, or anything eats but it is considered as sadaqah from
him." This is related by al-Bukhari.
The Messenger of Allah, upon whom be peace, said:
"Every good deed is sadaqah. To meet your brother with a
smiling face and to pour out from your bucket into his
container are sadaqah."
One's children, family, and relatives have precedence over
others. It is not permissible to give sadaqah to a stranger
when you and your dependents are in need of it.
It is related from Jabir that the Messenger of Allah, upon
whom be peace, said: "When one of you is poor, he starts
with himself. If anything is left, he spends it on his
dependents. If anything is (still left) then on his relatives,
and then, if more is left, he spends it here and there."
The Messenger of Allah, upon whom be peace, said:
"Give sadaqah." A man said: "I have a dinar."
He replied: "Give it to yourself as sadaqah." He
said: "I have another dinar." He replied: "Give
it to your wife as sadaqah." He said: "I have
another dinar." He replied: "Give it to your child
as sadaqah." He said: "I have another dinar."
He replied: "Give it to your servant as sadaqah." He
said: "I have another dinar." He replied: "You
would be able to assess better [to whom to give it]."
This is related by Abu Dawud, an-Nasa'i, and Hakim. Hakim
grades it as authentic.
The Messenger of Allah, upon whom be peace, said: "A
man has sinned enough if he neglects to feed those in
need." This is related by Muslim and Abu Dawud.
Also: "The most excellent sadaqah is that given to a
relative who does not like you." This is related by at-Tabarani
and Hakim. The latter grades it authentic.
It is unlawful for the one giving sadaqah to remind the
recipient of his generosity, to reproach bim, or to make a
show with his sadaqah. Allah warns: "O you who believe!
Do not invalidate your sadaqah by reminders of your generosity
or by injury, like those who spend their property to be seen
by men" [al-Baqarah 264].
The Messenger of Allah, upon whom be peace, said:
"There are three [types of people]. Allah shall not speak
to them, notice them, or sanctify them; and for them is a
grievous penalty." Abu Zhar inquired: "O Messenger
of Allah, who are the ones gone wrong and astray?" He
replied: "Those who through conceit lengthen their
garments to make them hang on the ground, who give nothing
without reproach, and who sell their merchandise swearing
untruthfully [to its quality]."
Allah does not accept sadaqah if it is from what is
unlawful: The Messenger of Allah, upon whom be peace, said:
"O people! Allah is good and accepts only good, and He
has instructed the believers through the Messengers. Allah,
the Mighty and the Majestic, says: 'O Messengers! Consume what
is good and work righteously. I am well-acquainted with what
you do' [al-Mu'minum 51]." He also calls upon [you]: 'O
you who believe! Consume of the good that We have provided for
you' [al-Baqarah 172]. Then [the Messenger] mentioned a man
who had traveled for a long time. Unkempt and covered in dust,
he raised his hands to the heavens (and cried): 'O my Lord! O
my Lord!' His food was unlawful, his drink was unlawful, his
clothing was unlawful, and what he had provided to sustain
himself with was also unlawful. How could his invocation be
accepted?" This is related by Muslim.
Also: "If one gives a date bought from honestly earned
money (and Allah accepts only good), Allah accepts it in His
right hand and enlarges [its rewards] for its owner (as one
rears his foal) until it becomes as big as a mountain."
This is related by al-Bukhari.
It is permissible for the wife to give sadaqah from her
husband's holdings if she knows that he would not mind.
However, it is unlawful if she is not sure of this: It is
related from 'Aishah that the Messenger of Allah, upon whom be
peace, said: "When a wife gives something as sadaqah from
the food of her home without causing any waste, she will get
the reward for what she has given. Her husband will be
rewarded for what he has earned, and the keeper (if any) will
be similarly rewarded. The one does not reduce the reward of
the other in any way." This is related by al-Bukhari.
Abu Umamah reports that he had heard the Messenger of
Allah, upon whom be peace, saying in a sermon during the year
of the Farewell Pilgrimage: "The wife should not spend
anything from the household of her husband without his
permission." He asked: "O Messenger of Allah, upon
whom be peace! Not food either?" He said: "That is
the most excellent of our holdings." This is related by
at-Tirmizhi who graded it hassan.
Of small things which she is in the habit of giving, no
permission from her husband is called for: It is related from
Asma, daughter of Abu Bakr, that she said to the Messenger of
Allah, upon whom be peace: "Zubair is a well-off man. A
man in need approached me and I gave him sadaqah from my
husband's household without his permission." The
Messenger of Allah, upon whom be peace, said: "Give what
you are in the habit of giving of what is small, and do not
store property away, for Allah shall withhold his blessings
from you." This is related by Ahmad, al-Bukhari, and
Muslim.
For one who is fit and capable of earning his living,
giving sadaqah of all his property is permissible.
'Umar reports: "The Messenger of Allah, upon whom be
peace, instructed us to give sadaqah, and it applied to my
property. I said: 'Today I shall better Abu Bakr. I have never
bettered him.' Then I brought half my property. The Messenger
of Allah, upon whom be peace, said: 'What did you leave for
your family?' I said: 'An amount like this.' Abu Bakr came
with all his property, and the Messenger of Allah, upon whom
be peace, asked: 'What did you leave for your family?' He
said: 'I have left Allah and His Messenger, upon whom be
peace, for them.' Then I said: 'I shall never better you in
anything.'" This is related by Abu Dawud and atTirmizhi.
The latter grades it authentic.
The jurists say that giving all of one's property in
sadaqah is permissible provided the donor is fit, earning, and
steadfast, not in debt, nor has dependents for whom adequate
support from him is obligatory. If he does not fulfil these
conditions, then his action is makruh.
Jabir narrated: "While we were with the Messenger of
Allah, upon whom be peace, a man came with what was like an
egg of gold. He said: 'O Messenger of Allah! I obtained this
from buried treasure, so take it. It is sadaqah, and I do not
possess anything other than it.' The Messenger of Allah, upon
whom be peace, turned away from him and he [the man] then
approached him from the direction of his left side. The
Messenger of Allah, upon whom be peace, then turned away from
him again and he approached him from behind. Then the
Messenger of Allah, upon whom be peace, took it and threw it
at him. If it had hit him, it would have injured him. Then he
said: 'One of you comes with all his property to make sadaqah,
then after [giving all he had] he sits [by the road] begging
from the people. Sadaqah is given by the one who is rich.'
" This is related by Abu Dawud and Hakim. The latter
said: "It is authentic according to the stipulation of
Muslim. In its transcription is Muhammad ibn Ishaq."
One can give sadaqah to the zhimmi and the soldier, and one
is rewarded for that. Allah praised a group of people (for
this) when He said: "And they feed, for His love, the
indigent, orphan, and captive" [ad-Dahr 6]. The captive
is a soldier. Allah says: "Allah has not forbidden you
with regard to those who have not made war against you on
account of [your] faith and have not driven you out of your
homes to deal kindly and justly with them; Allah loves those
who are just" [al-Mumtahanah 8].
Asma, the daughter of Abu Bakr, reports: "My mother
came to me and she is a polytheist. I said: 'O Messenger of
Allah, upon whom be peace! If my mother came to me and she is
willing, do I establish a link with her?' He said: 'Yes,
establish a link with your mother.' "
The Messenger of Allah, upon whom be peace, is reported to
have said: "While a man was walking along a road, he
became very thirsty and found a well. He lowered himself into
the well, drank, and came out. Then [he saw] a dog protruding
its tongue out with thirst. The man said: 'This dog has become
exhausted from thirst in the same way as I.' He lowered
himself into the well again and filled his shoe with water.
Then he took the dog by the mouth until he had raised himself.
He gave the dog some water to drink. He thanked Allah, and
[his sins were] forgiven." They asked: "O Messenger
of Allah, upon whom be peace! Is there a reward for us in our
animals?" He said: "There is a reward in every
living thing." This is related by al-Bukhari and Muslim.
The two also related that the Messenger of Allah, upon whom
be peace, said: "While a dog was walking around a well,
his thirst was near to killing him. One of the prostitutes of
the Banu Isra'il saw him. She took off her shoe and drew water
for him with it in order to quench his thirst. [For that] she
was forgiven [by Allah]."
The perpetual sadaqah (sadaqat ul-jariyah): Ahmad and
Muslim relate that the Messenger of Allah, upon whom be peace,
said: "When a person dies [the benefit] of his deeds
ends, except three: a continuous sadaqah, knowledge from which
benefit is derived, or a pious child invoking Allah for
him."
'Abdullah ibn 'Umar reports that the Messenger of Allah,
upon whom be peace, said: "Whoever seeks the protection
of Allah, give him protection. Whoever asks you in the name of
Allah, grant him refuge. Whoever does a good deed to you,
reward him and if you do not find anything, invoke Allah on
his behalf until you know that he has been rewarded."
This is related by Abu Dawud and an-Nasa'i with an authentic
chain.
Ashab ibn Qais reported that the Messenger of Allah, upon
whom be peace, is reported to have said: "Whoever does
not thank people, does not thank Allah." This is related
by Ahmad with a trustworthy chain.
Usamah ibn Zaid adds that the Messenger of Allah, upon whom
be peace, said: "To whom a good deed is done and who says
to its doer: 'May Allah reward you with goodness,' also reaps
the reward." This is related by at-Tirmizhi.
Allah is the Most Knowing, and all praise is due to the
Lord of the Worlds.
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