Allah, the Exalted One, says: "The first House (of
worship) appointed for men was that at Bakka; (Bakka is one of
the names of Makkah) full of blessings and guidance for all
kinds of beings: in it are signs manifest (for example), the
station of Abraham-- whoever enters it attains security;
pilgrimage thereto is a duty men owe to Allah--those who can
afford the journey; but if any deny faith, Allah stands not in
need of any of His creatures" (Qur'an 3.96-97).
The majority of the scholars hold that Hajj was prescribed
in the sixth year after Hijrah (Migration of the Prophet
(peace be upon him) from Makkah to Madinah) for it was then
that the following verse concerning it was revealed: "And
complete the Hajj and 'Umrah in the service of Allah" (Qur'an
2.194). This conclusion is based on the understanding that the
"completion" in the above verse in fact refers to
the time when it was first made obligatory. This view is also
supported by 'Alqamah, Masrouq, and Ibrahim An-Nakh'i, who
substitute "And establish" for "And
complete" in the above verse, as reported by At-Tabarani
on sound authority. Ibn-al-Qayyim, however, is inclined to the
view that Hajj was made obligatory in the ninth or the tenth
year of Hijrah.
Abu Hurairah reported that the Prophet (peace be upon him)
was once asked: "What is the best deed?" He replied:
"To have faith in Allah and His Messenger." The
enquirer asked: "What next?" The Prophet (peace be
upon him) said: "To strive in the cause of Allah."
"What is the next best thing?" He replied:
"Hajj Mabrur (a faultless Hajj that is free of sin and is
graced with Divine acceptance and pleasure)."
Al-Hasan said: "It means that a person after
performance of Hajj should desire and be inclined to the life
of the Hereafter rather than the material pleasures of this
world." Another report transmitted on sound authority
from the Prophet (peace be upon him) says that a righteous
performance of Hajj is crowned by feeding the needy and
speaking kind words to men.
Al-Hasan ibn Ali says that a man came to the Prophet (peace
be upon him) and said: "I am a coward and a weak person.
Is there anything I can do?" The Prophet (peace be upon
him) said: "You may go for a jihad (striving) that
involves no fighting, that is, Hajj." This is reported by
Abdur Razzaq and At-Tabarani, and all its narrators are
trustworthy.
Abu Hurairah narrates that the Prophet (peace be upon him)
said: "Hajj is the jihad for the old, the weak and the
women." (This is reported by Nasa'i with a reliable chain
of narrators)
'Aishah reports that she once said: "O Prophet of
Allah! Jihad (striving or fighting in the cause of Allah) is
the best deed. Should we (women) then, not actively
participate in it?" The Prophet (peace be upon him)
replied: "The best jihad for you is Hajj Mabrur." (Bukhari
and Muslim)
In another report 'Aishah says: "I once asked the
Prophet (peace be upon him): 'O Prophet of Allah! Should not
we (women) strive and actively participate in the Islamic war
with you?' The Prophet (peace be upon him) replied: 'The best
and the most beautiful striving for you in the cause of Allah
is Hajj Mabrur."' (Bukhari and Muslim) 'Aishah commented:
"After hearing this from the Prophet (peace be upon him)
I shall never cease performing Hajj."
Abu Hurairah reported that the Prophet (peace be upon him)
said: "He who performs Hajj for Allah's pleasure and
avoids all lewdness and sins will return after Hajj free from
all sins as he was the day his mother gave birth to him."
(Bukhari and Muslim)
'Amr ibn al-'As says: "When Allah guided me to Islam,
I went to the Prophet (peace be upon him) and said to him: 'O
Prophet of Allah! Stretch out your hand so that I may pledge
my allegiance to you.' The Prophet (peace be upon him)
stretched out his hand to me, but I withdrew my hand. The
Prophet (peace be upon him) asked: 'O 'Amr! what is the matter
with you?' I said: 'I would like to stipulate a condition! '
The Prophet (peace be upon him) asked: 'What is it?' I said:
'That all my past sins be forgiven!' The Prophet (peace be
upon him) said: 'O 'Amr! Do you not know that Islam wipes off
all past sins, and hijrah (leaving one's home and hearth for
Allah's cause) wipes off all sins, and (similarly) Hajj wipes
off all past sins!"' (Muslim)
Abdullah ibn Mas'ud narrated that the Prophet (peace be
upon him) said: "Alternate between Hajj and 'Umrah
(regularly), for these two remove poverty and sins just as the
blacksmith's bellows removes all impurities from metals like
iron, gold and silver. The reward for Hajj Mabrur is nothing
short of Paradise." (Nasa'i and Tirmizhi, who regards it
a sound hadith)
Abu Hurairah reported that the Prophet (peace be upon him)
said: "Pilgrims and those performing 'Umrah are Allah's
guests; their prayers are answered and their supplications for
forgiveness are granted. This is reported by Nasa'i, Ibn Majah,
Ibn Khuzaimah and Ibn Hibban in their collections of Sahih
hadith. In the last two we read: "And Allah's guests are
three: A pilgrim performing Hajj, one performing 'Umrah, and a
person who fights in the cause of Allah."
Abu Hurairah says the Prophet (peace be upon him) said:
"All sins committed in between the performance of one 'Umrah
and another are expiated and erased, and the reward of Hajj
Mabrur is nothing save Paradise." (Bukhari and Muslim)
In another sound hadith Ibn Joraij relates from Jabir that
the Prophet (peace be upon him) said: "This House of
Allah (the Ka'bah) is the pillar of Islam, so whosoever heads
to it with the intention of performing Hajj or 'Umrah is under
Allah's security. If he should die (during his trip) he is
granted Paradise, and if he returns home safely, he returns
with reward and gain."
Buraidah reports the Prophet (peace be upon him) as saying:
"Spending during Hajj is akin to spending in the cause of
Allah, and every dirham thus spent will be rewarded seven
hundred times over.'' (Reported by Ibn Abi Shaibah, Ahmad, At-Tabarani
and Al-Baihaqi)
There is consensus among Muslim scholars that Hajj is
obligatory only once during the lifetime of a Muslim, unless
someone vows to perform extra Hajj, in which case he must
fulfil his vow. Whatever is done over and above is
supererogatory or optional.
Abu Hurairah narrates that once, in a sermon, the Prophet
(peace be upon him) said: "O people! Allah has prescribed
Hajj for you, so you must perform it." A man asked:
"Every year, O Prophet of Allah?" The Prophet (peace
be upon him) remained silent. When the man repeated it thrice,
the Prophet (peace be upon him) said: "Had I said 'yes',
it would have become a yearly obligation, and this would have
been beyond your power." Then he added: "Leave me
alone so long as I leave you alone (i.e., do not pester me
with questions about things which I omit and do not mention).
Some people who lived before you were destroyed because they
asked too many questions and disagreed with their Prophets. So
when I command you to do something, you must obey and do it to
the best of your power, and if I forbid you from something,
then avoid it." (Bukhari and Muslim)
Ibn 'Abbas narrates that once the Prophet (peace be upon
him) addressed us and said: "O People! Hajj has been
prescribed for you." At this Al-Aqra' bin Habis stood up
and asked: "O Prophet of Allah! Are we to perform Hajj
every year?" The Prophet (peace be upon him) said:
"Had I said 'yes', it would have become a (yearly)
obligation, and had it become a (yearly) obligatory duty you
would have failed to keep it. Hajj is obligatory only once in
one's lifetime. Whatever one does over and above this is
supererogatory (a voluntary act) for him. (Reported by Ahmad,
Abu Daw' ud, Nasa' i and Al-Hakim, who regards it a sound
hadith)
Ash-Shafi'i, Ath-Thawri, Al-Awza'i and Mohammad bin al-Hasan
are of the opinion that Hajj may be performed at any time
during one's life, and there is nothing wrong if someone, for
whom it is obligatory, delays it until a later date in his (or
her) life, for, although Hajj was prescribed in the 6th year
of Hijrah, the Prophet (peace be upon him) delayed it until
the 10th year of Hijrah when he performed it along with his
wives and many of his companions. Had performing it earlier
been essential the Prophet (peace be upon him) would have
never delayed it.
Ash-Shafi'i says: "We, therefore, are convinced that
Hajj is obligatory upon a Muslim, male or female, from the age
of puberty until before his death."
Abu Hanifah, Malik, Ahmad, some of Ash-Shafi'i's followers
and Abu Yusuf are of the opinion that Hajj must be performed
as soon as one is (physically and financially) in a position
to do so. This opinion is based on a hadith that is related by
Ibn 'Abbas that the Prophet (peace be upon him) said: "He
who intends to perform Hajj let him do so expeditiously, for
he may well fall sick, may lose his mount (ability to bear
expenses of the jaurney) or he may be prevented by some other
exigency.'' (Reported by Ahmad, Al-Baihaqi, At-Tahawi and Ibn
Majah) In another report by Ahmad and Al-Baihaqi, we read that
the Prophet (peace be upon him) said: "Hasten to perform
Hajj - the basic obligation - for you don't know what might
happen to you," meaning "one may fall sick or be
prevented by some other exigency." The earlier scholars
interpreted these ahadith saying it was commendable for a
person to perform Hajj as soon as possible provided he had the
ability to do so.
There is a consensus among jurists concerning the
prerequisites that must be found in a person for Hajj to be
incumbent on him:
-1- He must be a Muslim.
-2- He must be an adult.
-3- He must be of a sound state of mind.
-4- He must be free.
-5- He must have the necessary power and ability.
Anyone lacking any of these conditions is not obligated to
perform Hajj. All these conditions, that is, being a Muslim,
being of adult age and of sound mind, being free, and
possessing the power to discharge a duty are equally valid
with respect to all other forms of worship in Islam. This is
based on a hadith of the Prophet (peace be upon him) which
says: "Three persons are not to be held accountable: a
sleeping person until he awakes, a minor until he comes of
age, and a mentally disturbed person until he regains his
reason."
Freedom is an essential prerequisite for Hajj, for this
worship needs time as well as financial ability. A slave lacks
both, for all his time is spent in the service of his master,
and financially he lacks the ability to undertake this
obligation. The Qur'an says: "Pilgrimage thereto is a
duty men owe to Allah - those who can afford the journey"
(3.97).
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